Lesson 5
Using Negative Numbers to Make Sense of Contexts
5.1: Notice and Wonder: It Comes and Goes (5 minutes)
Warm-up
The purpose of this warm-up is to elicit the idea that we can represent money we get with positive numbers and money we spend with negative numbers, which will be useful when students make sense of data about money and inventory in later activities. While students may notice and wonder many things about this table, interpreting the meaning of positive and negative numbers in this context is most important.
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Tell students that they will look at an image, and their job is to think of at least one thing they notice and at least one thing they wonder. Display the image for all to see. Ask students to give a signal when they have noticed or wondered about something. Give students 1 minute of quiet think time, and then 1 minute to discuss the things they notice with their partner, followed by a whole-class discussion.
Student Facing
| activity | amount |
|---|---|
| do my chores | 30.00 |
| babysit my cousin | 45.00 |
| buy my lunch | -10.80 |
| get my allowance | 15.00 |
| buy a shirt | -18.69 |
| pet my dog | 0.00 |
What do you notice? What do you wonder?
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
Ask students to share the things they noticed and wondered. Record and display their responses for all to see. If possible, record the relevant reasoning on or near the table. After each response, ask the class if they agree or disagree and to explain alternative ways of thinking, referring back to the images each time. If representing money that we receive with positive numbers and money that we spend with negative numbers does not come up during the conversation, ask students to discuss this idea.
5.2: The Concession Stand (15 minutes)
Activity
The purpose of this activity is to interpret signed numbers in a situation involving money and inventory. Students reason abstractly and quantitatively when they think about change in inventory and money using positive and negative numbers (MP2).
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 8 minutes of quiet work time, 3 minutes for partner discussion, followed by whole-class discussion.
Supports accessibility for: Memory; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
The manager of the concession stand keeps records of all of the supplies she buys and all of the items she sells. The table shows some of her records for Tuesday.
| item | quantity | value in dollars |
|---|---|---|
| doughnuts | -58 | 37.70 |
| straws | 3,000 | -10.35 |
| hot dogs | -39 | 48.75 |
| pizza | 13 | -116.87 |
| apples | -40 | 14.00 |
| french fries | -88 | 132.00 |
- Which items did she sell? Explain your reasoning.
- How can we interpret -58 in this situation?
- How can we interpret -10.35 in this situation?
- On which item did she spend the most amount of money? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.
Activity Synthesis
Ask students to compare their responses with their partner and work to reach agreement. Monitor student discussions and select students to share their partner’s reasoning in whole-class discussion. The key takeaway in the discussion is that positive and negative numbers are useful for describing change. If an amount goes up, then the change is positive. If an amount goes down, that means the change is negative.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
5.3: Drinks for Sale (15 minutes)
Activity
Students interpret positive and negative numbers in the context of a changing inventory (MP2).
Launch
Keep students in the same groups of 2. Give students 8 minutes of quiet work time and 3 minutes of partner discussion. Follow with whole-class discussion.
Student Facing
A vending machine in an office building sells bottled beverages. The machine keeps track of all changes in the number of bottles from sales and from machine refills and maintenance. This record shows the changes for every 5-minute period over one hour.
- What might a positive number mean in this context? What about a negative number?
- What would a “0” in the second column mean in this context?
- Which numbers—positive or negative—result in fewer bottles in the machine?
- At what time was there the greatest change to the number of bottles in the machine? How did that change affect the number of remaining bottles in the machine?
- At which time period, 8:05–8:09 or 8:25–8:29, was there a greater change to the number of bottles in the machine? Explain your reasoning.
- The machine must be emptied to be serviced. If there are 40 bottles in the machine when it is to be serviced, what number will go in the second column in the table?
| time | number of bottles |
|---|---|
| 8:00–8:04 | -1 |
| 8:05–8:09 | +12 |
| 8:10–8:14 | -4 |
| 8:15–8:19 | -1 |
| 8:20–8:24 | -5 |
| 8:25–8:29 | -12 |
| 8:30–8:34 | -2 |
| 8:35–8:39 | 0 |
| 8:40–8:44 | 0 |
| 8:45–8:49 | -6 |
| 8:50–8:54 | +24 |
| 8:55–8:59 | 0 |
| service |
Student Response
For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Priya, Mai, and Lin went to a cafe on a weekend. Their shared bill came to \$25. Each student gave the server a \$10 bill. The server took this \$30 and brought back five \$1 bills in change. Each student took \$1 back, leaving the rest, \$2, as a tip for the server.
As she walked away from the cafe, Lin thought, “Wait—this doesn’t make sense. Since I put in \$10 and got \$1 back, I wound up paying \$9. So did Mai and Priya. Together, we paid \$27. Then we left a \$2 tip. That makes \$29 total. And yet we originally gave the waiter \$30. Where did the extra dollar go?”
Think about the situation and about Lin’s question. Do you agree that the numbers didn’t add up properly? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.
Activity Synthesis
The goal of the discussion is to allow students to share their thoughts on the meaning of positive and negative numbers in context. Ask students to share their responses with their partner and work to reach agreement. Monitor groups’ discussions and select students to share their partner’s reasoning about what the numbers in the table mean. Ask students to summarize the story the numbers in the table tell. Tell students that tables like this (but perhaps more complicated) are used all the time to tell stories about what is happening in the world.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
Lesson Synthesis
Lesson Synthesis
In this lesson, students interpreted situations where positive and negative numbers were used to show changes in inventory or changes in money. Here are some questions to consider while closing the lesson:
- “What did the positive and negative numbers mean in this lesson?” (Positive numbers represented a gain, like receiving money or adding bottles to the machine. Negative numbers represented a loss, like spending money by buying something or removing bottles from the machine.)
- “We saw that we could use positive and negative numbers to represent gaining and losing money. What other situations can you think of where you gain or lose an amount that you could use negative numbers to talk about? What would positive and negative changes mean in those situations?” (Responses vary. Some examples include weight, speed, number of subscribers, field position in football.)
5.4: Cool-down - Bakery Owner (5 minutes)
Cool-Down
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Student Lesson Summary
Student Facing
Sometimes we represent changes in a quantity with positive and negative numbers. If the quantity increases, the change is positive. If it decreases, the change is negative.
- Suppose 5 gallons of water is put in a washing machine. We can represent the change in the number of gallons as +5. If 3 gallons is emptied from the machine, we can represent the change as -3.
It is especially common to represent money we receive with positive numbers and money we spend with negative numbers.
- Suppose Clare gets \$30.00 for her birthday and spends \$18.00 buying lunch for herself and a friend. To her, the value of the gift can be represented as +30.00 and the value of the lunch as -18.00.
Whether a number is considered positive or negative depends on a person’s perspective. If Clare’s grandmother gives her \$20 for her birthday, Clare might see this as +20, because to her, the amount of money she has increased. But her grandmother might see it as -20, because to her, the amount of money she has decreased.
In general, when using positive and negative numbers to represent changes, we have to be very clear about what it means when the change is positive and what it means when the change is negative.