# Lesson 2

Truth and Equations

## 2.1: Three Letters (10 minutes)

### Warm-up

In this warm-up, students consider what it means for an equation to be true or false. They also practice substituting values for a letter and evaluating expressions with addition and multiplication. The term variable is introduced.

### Launch

Allow students 2 minutes of quiet work time on the first part of the first question and ask them to pause their work. Ask a student to explain how they decided whether the equation was true or false given the values of $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$. As the student explains, demonstrate this process by writing:

$$\displaystyle a+b=c$$

$$\displaystyle 3+4=5$$

Since the sum of 3 and 4 is not 5, the equation is false for these values. Explain that a letter used to stand in for a number is called a variable. Throughout this unit, students will have many chances to understand and use this term.

Give students 2 minutes to complete the rest of the task.

### Student Facing

1. The equation $$a + b = c$$ could be true or false.

1. If $$a$$ is 3, $$b$$ is 4, and $$c$$ is 5, is the equation true or false?
2. Find new values of $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$ that make the equation true.
3. Find new values of $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$ that make the equation false.
2. The equation $$x \boldcdot y = z$$ could be true or false.

1. If $$x$$ is 3, $$y$$ is 4, and $$z$$ is 12, is the equation true or false?
2. Find new values of $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ that make the equation true.
3. Find new values of $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ that make the equation false.

### Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

### Activity Synthesis

The discussion should focus on the idea that an equation can be either true or false, and that the truth of an equation with variables depends on the values of the variables. This is an important idea to highlight, since throughout their work in previous grades, the assumption that equations were true was likely unstated. Additionally, the equals sign may have been used previously to signal that a calculation should be done rather than communicate that two expressions were equal to each other. Share that we can write $$2+3=7$$, which students and teachers likely would have previously said was “wrong” or “a mistake,” but can now be understood as a mathematical statement that is not true.

Invite students to share their values for true and false equations. If students struggle with expressing their ideas about equations, some guiding questions might help:

• “What does it mean when an equation contains a letter?” (The letter is called a variable; it is standing in for a number.)
• “What makes an equation true? What makes an equation false?” (If the expressions on each side have the same value, the equation is true. If the expressions on each side have different values, the equation is false.)
• “How can we determine whether an equation is true or false?” (Evaluate both sides and check whether the values on each side of the equation are equal. If they are, then the equation is true. If they are not, the equation is false.)

## 2.2: Storytime (15 minutes)

### Activity

In this activity, students see how an equation can represent a situation with an unknown amount. Students are presented with three stories. Each story involves the same three quantities: 5, 20, and an unknown amount $$x$$. Students think about the actions (running a number of miles, splitting up cups of cat food) and relationships (five times as many clubs) in the situations and consider the operations needed to describe them. They also make sense of what the unknown quantity represents in each story and how to show its relationship to the other two numbers and the quantities they represent. Monitor for one student for each situation who chooses a correct equation and has a reasonable way to explain their reasoning, either verbally or by using a diagram.

### Launch

It is likely that “next to” notation is new for students. Explain that $$20x$$ means the same thing as $$20 \boldcdot x$$, and we will frequently use this notation from now on. Explain that in the term $$20x$$, 20 is called the coefficient. Use this term throughout the lesson when the need naturally arises to name it.

Explain that for each situation, the task is to find one equation that represents it. Some of the equations will go unused.

Give students 5 minutes of quiet work time to answer the questions, followed by a whole-class discussion.

Representation: Develop Language and Symbols. Activate or supply background knowledge. Invite students to create tape diagrams to represent each situation, before selecting the equations that match.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing; Conceptual processing

### Student Facing

Here are three situations and six equations. Which equation best represents each situation? If you get stuck, consider drawing a diagram.

$$x + 5 = 20$$

$$x + 20 = 5$$

$$x = 20 + 5$$

$$5\boldcdot {20} = x$$

$$5x=20$$

$$20x = 5$$

1. After Elena ran 5 miles on Friday, she had run a total of 20 miles for the week. She ran $$x$$ miles before Friday.

2. Andre’s school has 20 clubs, which is five times as many as his cousin’s school. His cousin’s school has $$x$$ clubs.

3. Jada volunteers at the animal shelter. She divided 5 cups of cat food equally to feed 20 cats. Each cat received $$x$$ cups of food.

### Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

### Anticipated Misconceptions

Students who focus on key words might be misled in each situation. For the first situation, students might see the word “total” and decide they need to add 5 and 20. In the second situation, the words “five times as many” might prompt them to multiply 5 by 20. The third story poses some additional challenges: students see the word “divided” but there is no equation with division. Additionally, students might think that division always means divide the larger number by the smaller. Here are some ways to help students make sense of the situations and how equations can represent them:

• Suggest that students act out the situation or draw a picture. Focus on what quantity in the story each number or variable represents, and on the relationships among them.
• Use tape diagrams to represent quantities and think about where a situation describes a total and where it describes parts of the total.
• Ask students about the relationships between operations. For the third situation, ask what operation is related to dividing and might help describe the situation.

### Activity Synthesis

For each situation, ask a student to share which equation they selected and the reason they chose it. If any students drew a diagram to help them reason about the situation, ask them to present their diagram and draw connections between the situation, equation, and diagram. Consider these questions for discussion:

• “All of the equations and situations had the same numbers. Describe how you decided which equations represented which situations.”
• “Did any of the words in the stories confuse or mislead you? How did you move past the confusion?”
• “Did you rule out any equations right from the start? Which ones? Why?” (Students might notice that $$x+20=5$$ has no solutions since they have not yet learned about negative numbers. They might also incorrectly claim that $$20x=5$$ is impossible if they are focused only on whole numbers.)
Speaking, Representing, Writing: MLR7 Compare and Connect. When students share the equation they selected and the reason they chose it, ask the class questions to draw that attention to the connections between the situation, equation and diagram (e.g., “I see addition in the equation, where do you see addition in the situation?”). These exchanges help strengthen students’ mathematical language use and reasoning with multiple representations.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness

## 2.3: Using Structure to Find Solutions (15 minutes)

### Activity

Having described situations with equations, students now solve equations by noticing and thinking about their structure and figuring out which value from a given set makes the equation true.

### Launch

Remind students that a letter used to represent an unknown value is called a variable. An equation with a variable can be true or false. A value that can be used in place of the variable that makes the equation true is called a solution to the equation. In this task, students will look for solutions to equations. That means they will look for a value that can be used in place of a variable in an equation that makes the equation true.

Arrange students in groups of 2. Allow students 10 minutes to work quietly and share their responses with a partner, followed by a whole-class discussion.

Representation: Develop Language and Symbols. Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Include the following terms and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: variable, solution. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include on the display that will support their understanding of these terms.
Supports accessibility for: Memory; Language

### Student Facing

Here are some equations that contain a variable and a list of values. Think about what each equation means and find a solution in the list of values. If you get stuck, consider drawing a diagram. Be prepared to explain why your solution is correct.

1. $$1000 - a = 400$$
2. $$12.6 = b + 4.1$$
3. $$8c = 8$$
4. $$\frac23 \boldcdot d = \frac{10}{9}$$
5. $$10e = 1$$
6. $$10 = 0.5f$$
7. $$0.99 = 1 - g$$
8. $$h + \frac 3 7 = 1$$

List:

$$\frac18$$

$$\frac37$$

$$\frac47$$

$$\frac35$$

$$\frac53$$

$$\frac73$$

0.01

0.1

0.5

1

2

8.5

9.5

16.7

20

400

600

1400

### Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

### Student Facing

#### Are you ready for more?

One solution to the equation $$a+b+c=10$$ is $$a=2$$, $$b=5$$, $$c=3$$

How many different whole-number solutions are there to the equation $$a+b+c=10$$? Explain or show your reasoning.

### Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

### Anticipated Misconceptions

Instead of solving, students might follow the operation symbol and combine the numbers in that way (for example, adding 12.6 and 4.1 to get 16.7 for the equation $$12.6 = b + 4.1$$). Encourage students to express the relationships of the equation in words and to draw diagrams that describe those statement. $$12.6 = b + 4.1$$ can be stated as “When a number is added to 4.1, the sum is 12.6.” The tape diagram then shows the parts 4.1 and an unknown quantity $$b$$, and a total of 12.6.

### Activity Synthesis

The goal of the discussion is to ensure that students understand what it means to be a solution to an equation. To guide the discussion, consider the following:

• Solicit or display correct solutions.
• Choose a few equations and ask students to explain how they know a solution is correct.
• Highlight correct uses of the new terms variable, solution, and coefficient.
Conversing, Representing, Writing: MLR2 Collect and Display. Prepare students for the discussion by asking them to first share their responses to “Why are your solutions correct?” with a partner. Listen for, collect, and display vocabulary (e.g., coefficient, variable, true, false, solution) and include any diagrams that students use to represent each equation. Throughout the remainder of the lesson, continue to update collected student language and remind students to borrow language from the display as needed. This will help students use mathematical language during their paired and whole-group discussions.
Design Principles(s): Support sense-making; Cultivate conversation

## Lesson Synthesis

### Lesson Synthesis

The purpose of the discussion is to review appropriate use and understanding of new vocabulary and the concepts they represent. Consider asking some of the following questions:

• “What does it mean for an equation to be true? False? What does the equal sign have to do with whether the equation is true or false?” (A true equation has expressions with equal value on each side of the equal sign.)
• “Is an equation with a variable always true?” (It is only true for values of the variable that make the sides equal.)
• “What do we call a number written next to a variable? What does it mean?” (It is called the coefficient. Multiply the number by the value of the variable.)
• “Why might it be helpful to eliminate symbols that show multiplication?” (Answers vary. Sample response: It makes equations easier to read.)
• “What do we call a number that can be used in place of the variable that makes the equation true?” (It is called a solution of the equation.)

## 2.4: Cool-down - How Do You Know a Solution is a Solution? (5 minutes)

### Cool-Down

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

## Student Lesson Summary

### Student Facing

An equation can be true or false. An example of a true equation is $$7+1=4 \boldcdot 2$$. An example of a false equation is $$7+1=9$$

An equation can have a letter in it, for example, $$u+1=8$$. This equation is false if $$u$$ is 3, because $$3+1$$ does not equal 8. This equation is true if $$u$$ is 7, because $$7+1=8$$.

A letter in an equation is called a variable. In $$u+1=8$$, the variable is $$u$$. A number that can be used in place of the variable that makes the equation true is called a solution to the equation. In $$u+1=8$$, the solution is 7.

When a number is written next to a variable, the number and the variable are being multiplied. For example, $$7x=21$$ means the same thing as $$7 \boldcdot x = 21$$. A number written next to a variable is called a coefficient. If no coefficient is written, the coefficient is 1. For example, in the equation $$p+3=5$$, the coefficient of $$p$$ is 1.