Lesson 13

Distances and Shapes on the Coordinate Plane

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13.1: Coordinate Patterns (10 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Warm-up

The purpose of this warm-up is for students to review plotting and labeling points that include negative coordinates and use repeated reasoning to generalize patterns in the coordinates of points in each quadrant (MP8).

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 4. Assign each person in a group a different quadrant. Tell students you will give them 2 minutes to plot and label at least three points in their assigned quadrant, and up to six if they have time. Give students 2 minute of quiet work time. Give students 4 minutes to share their points and their coordinates with their small group and look for patterns in the coordinates of points in each quadrant. Follow with whole-class discussion. 

Though the paper and pencil version may be preferred, a digital applet is available for this activity. 

Student Facing

Plot points in your assigned quadrant and label them with their coordinates.

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 4. Assign each person in a group a different quadrant. Tell students you will give them 2 minutes to plot and label at least three points in their assigned quadrant, and up to six if they have time. Give students 2 minute of quiet work time. Give students 4 minutes to share their points and their coordinates with their small group and look for patterns in the coordinates of points in each quadrant. Follow with whole-class discussion. 

Though the paper and pencil version may be preferred, a digital applet is available for this activity. 

Student Facing

Plot points in your assigned quadrant and label them with their coordinates.

A coordinate plane with the origin labeled "O." The x-axis has the numbers negative 7 through 7 indicated. The y-axis has the numbers negative 5 through 5 indicated.

 

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Activity Synthesis

The focus of the discussion is for students to explain why the following patterns emerge:

  • In quadrants I and IV, the x-coordinate of a point (or the first number in an ordered pair) is positive.
  • In quadrants II and III, the x-coordinate of a point is negative.
  • In quadrants I and II, the y-coordinate of a point (or the second number in an ordered pair) is positive.
  • In quadrants III and IV, the y-coordinate of a point in is negative. 

Ask the students to share any patterns they noticed among the coordinates of the points in each quadrant. After each student shares, ask the rest of the class if they noticed the same pattern within their small group. Record and display these patterns for all to see. If possible, plot and label a few example points in each quadrant based on students' observations.

13.2: Signs of Numbers in Coordinates (15 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Routines and Materials


Instructional Routines

Activity

The purpose of this task is for students to connect opposite signs in coordinates with reflections across one or both axes. Students investigate relationships between several pairs of points in order to make this connection more generally (MP8). The square grid, spaced in units, means that students can use counting squares as a strategy for finding distances.

The use of the word "reflection" is used informally to describe the effect of opposite signs in coordinates. In grade 8, students learn a more precise, technical definition of the word "reflection" as it pertains to rigid transformations of the plane.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Allow students 3-4 minutes of quiet work time and 1-2 minutes to check results with their partner for questions 1 and 2. Tell students to pause after question 2 for whole-class discussion. At that time, briefly check that students have the correct coordinates for points \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\), and \(E\) before moving on to the rest of the questions. Give students 4 minutes to answer the rest of the questions with their partner, followed by whole-class discussion.

Though the paper and pencil version may be preferred, a digital applet is available for this activity. 

Speaking: MLR1 Stronger and Clearer Each Time. Use this routine with successive pair shares to give students a structured opportunity to revise and refine their response to “How far away are the points from the \(x\)-axis and \(y\)-axis?” Ask each student to meet with 2–3 other partners in a row for feedback. Provide students with prompts for feedback that will help teams strengthen their ideas and clarify their language (e.g., “How did you use the horizontal/vertical distance to help?”) Students can borrow ideas and language from each partner to strengthen their final response.
Design Principle(s): Cultivate conversation

Student Facing

 

  1. Write the coordinates of each point.  

    • \(A=\)
    • \(B=\)
    • \(C=\)
    • \(D=\)
    • \(E=\)

  2. Answer these questions for each pair of points.

    • How are the coordinates the same? How are they different?
    • How far away are they from the y-axis? To the left or to the right of it?
    • How far away are they from the x-axis? Above or below it?

    1. \(A\) and \(B\)

    2. \(B\) and \(D\)

    3. \(A\) and \(D\)

    Pause here for a class discussion.

  3. Point \(F\) has the same coordinates as point \(C\), except its \(y\)-coordinate has the opposite sign.

    1. Plot point \(F\) on the coordinate plane and label it with its coordinates. 
    2. How far away are \(F\) and \(C\) from the \(x\)-axis?
    3. What is the distance between \(F\) and \(C\)?

  4. Point \(G\) has the same coordinates as point \(E\), except its \(x\)-coordinate has the opposite sign.

    1. Plot point \(G\) on the coordinate plane and label it with its coordinates. 
    2. How far away are \(G\) and \(E\) from the \(y\)-axis?
    3. What is the distance between \(G\) and \(E\)?

  5. Point \(H\) has the same coordinates as point \(B\), except both of its coordinates have the opposite signs. In which quadrant is point \(H\)?

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Allow students 3-4 minutes of quiet work time and 1-2 minutes to check results with their partner for questions 1 and 2. Tell students to pause after question 2 for whole-class discussion. At that time, briefly check that students have the correct coordinates for points \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\), and \(E\) before moving on to the rest of the questions. Give students 4 minutes to answer the rest of the questions with their partner, followed by whole-class discussion.

Though the paper and pencil version may be preferred, a digital applet is available for this activity. 

Speaking: MLR1 Stronger and Clearer Each Time. Use this routine with successive pair shares to give students a structured opportunity to revise and refine their response to “How far away are the points from the \(x\)-axis and \(y\)-axis?” Ask each student to meet with 2–3 other partners in a row for feedback. Provide students with prompts for feedback that will help teams strengthen their ideas and clarify their language (e.g., “How did you use the horizontal/vertical distance to help?”) Students can borrow ideas and language from each partner to strengthen their final response.
Design Principle(s): Cultivate conversation

Student Facing

  1. Write the coordinates of each point.
    Graph with five points, A, B, C, D, and E. 

      

    \(A=\)

    \(B=\)

    \(C=\)

    \(D=\)

    \(E=\)

  2. Answer these questions for each pair of points.

    • How are the coordinates the same? How are they different?
    • How far away are they from the y-axis? To the left or to the right of it?
    • How far away are they from the x-axis? Above or below it?

    1. \(A\) and \(B\)

    2. \(B\) and \(D\)

    3. \(A\) and \(D\)

    Pause here for a class discussion.

  3. Point \(F\) has the same coordinates as point \(C\), except its \(y\)-coordinate has the opposite sign.

    1. Plot point \(F\) on the coordinate plane and label it with its coordinates.
    2. How far away are \(F\) and \(C\) from the \(x\)-axis?
    3. What is the distance between \(F\) and \(C\)?

  4. Point \(G\) has the same coordinates as point \(E\), except its \(x\)-coordinate has the opposite sign.

    1. Plot point \(G\) on the coordinate plane and label it with its coordinates.
    2. How far away are \(G\) and \(E\) from the \(y\)-axis?
    3. What is the distance between \(G\) and \(E\)?

  5. Point \(H\) has the same coordinates as point \(B\), except its both coordinates have the opposite sign. In which quadrant is point \(H\)?

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Activity Synthesis

The key takeaway is that coordinates with opposite signs correspond to reflections across the axes. Encourage students to share ideas that they discussed with their partner. Ask students first about what patterns they noticed for pairs of points whose \(x\)-coordinates had opposite signs. Push students to give specific examples of pairs of points and their coordinates, and to describe what opposite \(x\)-coordinates mean in terms of the coordinate plane. Record students' explanations for all to see. Students may use phrasing like "the point flips across the \(y\)-axis." This would be a good opportunity to use the word "reflection" and discuss the similarities between reflections across the \(y\)-axis and reflections in a mirror.

Repeat this discussion for pairs of points where the \(y\)-coordinates had opposite signs to get to the idea that they are reflections across the \(x\)-axis. Close by discussing the relationship between points \(H\) and \(B\), where both the \(x\)- and \(y\)-coordinates have opposite signs. Ask students how they might describe the relationship between \(H\) and \(B\) visually on the coordinate plane. While students may describe the relationship in terms of 2 reflections (once across the \(x\)-axis and again across the \(y\)-axis or vice versa), it is not expected that students see their relationship in terms of rotation.

Representation: Internalize Comprehension. Use color and annotations to illustrate student thinking. As students describe what they noticed, use color and annotations to scribe their thinking on a display of the coordinate plane that is visible for all students.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing; Conceptual processing

13.3: Finding Distances on a Coordinate Plane (15 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Routines and Materials


Instructional Routines

Activity

The purpose of this activity is for students to develop strategies for finding the distance between two points in the coordinate plane when the coordinates might not be integers. These distances are restricted to horizontal and vertical distances; use of the general two-dimensional distance formula is not expected, nor are students expected to add or subtract negative numbers fluently. More general strategies for finding distance in the coordinate plane are developed in grade 8, and rational number arithmetic is developed more completely in grade 7.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Allow students 5–6 minutes of quiet work time 3–4 minutes to check results with their partner. Follow with a whole-class discussion.

Though the paper and pencil version may be preferred, a digital applet is available for this activity. 

Action and Expression: Internalize Executive Functions. Chunk this task into more manageable parts for students who benefit from support with organizational skills in problem solving. Check in with students within the first 2–3 minutes of work time to ensure they understood the directions. If students are unsure how to begin, suggest that they use previous strategies, such as considering the distance of a point from zero.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention
Conversing: MLR5 Co-Craft Questions. Display only the first line of the first question with the coordinate grid and ask pairs of students to write possible mathematical questions about the coordinate grid. Then, invite pairs to share their questions with the class. This helps students begin the conversation of horizontal and vertical distance and even possibly talking about diagonal distances between two points.
Design Principle(s): Cultivate conversation

Student Facing

  1. Label each point with its coordinates.

     

  2. Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points.

    1. Point \(B\) and \(C\)

    2. Point \(D\) and \(B\)

    3. Point \(D\) and \(E\)

  3. Which of the points are 5 units from \((\text-1.5, \text-3)\)?
  4. Which of the points are 2 units from \((\text0.5, \text-4.5)\)?
  5. Plot a point that is both 2.5 units from \(A\) and 9 units from \(E\). Label that point \(F\) and write down its coordinates.

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Allow students 5–6 minutes of quiet work time followed by 3–4 minutes to check results with their partner. Follow with a whole-class discussion.

Though the paper and pencil version may be preferred, a digital applet is available for this activity. 

Action and Expression: Internalize Executive Functions. Chunk this task into more manageable parts for students who benefit from support with organizational skills in problem solving. Check in with students within the first 2–3 minutes of work time to ensure they understood the directions. If students are unsure how to begin, suggest that they use previous strategies, such as considering the distance of a point from zero.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention
Conversing: MLR5 Co-Craft Questions. Display only the first line of the first question with the coordinate grid and ask pairs of students to write possible mathematical questions about the coordinate grid. Then, invite pairs to share their questions with the class. This helps students begin the conversation of horizontal and vertical distance and even possibly talking about diagonal distances between two points.
Design Principle(s): Cultivate conversation

Student Facing

  1. Label each point with its coordinates.

    Coordinate plane.

  2. Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points.

    1. Point \(B\) and \(C\)

    2. Point \(D\) and \(B\)

    3. Point \(D\) and \(E\)

  3. Which of the points are 5 units from \((\text-1.5, \text-3)\)?
  4. Which of the points are 2 units from \((\text0.5, \text-4.5)\)?
  5. Plot a point that is both 2.5 units from \(A\) and 9 units from \(E\). Label that point \(M\) and write down its coordinates.

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Student Facing

Are you ready for more?

Priya says, “There are exactly four points that are 3 units away from \((\text- 5, 0)\).” Lin says, “I think there are a whole bunch of points that are 3 units away from \((\text- 5, 0)\).”

Do you agree with either of them? Explain your reasoning.

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Anticipated Misconceptions

Some students may assume that a diagonal line across a number of squares has the same length. Ask students to use a ruler or tracing paper to compare the length of the diagonal distance in question against the horizontal or vertical distance the student claims is equal.

Activity Synthesis

The important idea students should come away with is that they can continue to use strategies they have developed for finding horizontal and vertical distances even without a context. Here are some questions for discussion:

  • How did finding lengths in this activity compare to the previous activity? How were they the same? How were they different?
  • Were any of the points reflections across the axes? How could you tell by looking at the coordinate plane? How could you tell by looking at the coordinates?
  • Were there any points of disagreement with your partner? How did you come to agreement?

13.4: Plotting Polygons (15 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Building On

Addressing

Routines and Materials


Instructional Routines

Required Materials

Activity

The purpose of this task is for students to practice plotting points in the coordinate plane to make polygons.

Teacher Notes for IM 6–8 Accelerated
This activity is optional. It provides further practice plotting shapes on the coordinate plane. Consider using these shapes as an opportunity to reinforce what students have learned about distances on the coordinate plane.
  • “Which segments in Polygon A are 2 units long?” (segments \(DE\) and \(EF\), but not segment \(FA\))
  • “Which segments in Polygon D are 2 units long?” (none of them)
Students should recognize that they can find horizontal or vertical distances between points, but that a diagonal segment through a grid square is longer than one grid unit.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 8 minutes quiet work time, 4 minutes for partner discussion, followed by whole-class discussion.

Students using digital materials will plot points and create polygons with a digital applet. 

Engagement: Provide Access by Recruiting Interest. Leverage choice around perceived challenge. Invite students to select 2–3 of the polygons to plot on the coordinate plane. Chunking this task into more manageable parts may also benefit students who benefit from additional processing time.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention; Social-emotional skills

Student Facing

Here are the coordinates for four polygons. Move the slider to choose the polygon you want to plot. Move the points, in order, to their locations on the coordinate plane. Sketch each one before changing the slider.

  1. Polygon 1: \((\text-7, 4), (\text-8, 5), (\text-8, 6), (\text-7, 7), (\text-5, 7), (\text-5,5), (\text-7, 4)\)

  2. Polygon 2: \((4, 3), (3, 3), (2, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 0), (5, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3)\)

  3. Polygon 3: \((\text-8, \text-5), (\text-8, \text-8), (\text-5, \text-8), (\text-5, \text-5), (\text-8, \text-5)\)

  4. Polygon 4: \((\text-5, 1), (\text-3, \text-3), (\text-1, \text-2), (0, 3), (\text-3, 3), (\text-5, 1)\)

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 8 minutes quiet work time, 4 minutes for partner discussion, followed by whole-class discussion.

Students using digital materials will plot points and create polygons with a digital applet. 

Engagement: Provide Access by Recruiting Interest. Leverage choice around perceived challenge. Invite students to select 2–3 of the polygons to plot on the coordinate plane. Chunking this task into more manageable parts may also benefit students who benefit from additional processing time.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention; Social-emotional skills

Student Facing

Here are the coordinates for four polygons. Plot them on the coordinate plane, connect the points in the order that they are listed, and label each polygon with its letter name.

  1. Polygon A: \((\text-7, 4), (\text-8, 5), (\text-8, 6), (\text-7, 7), (\text-5, 7), (\text-5,5), (\text-7, 4)\)

  2. Polygon B: \((4, 3), (3, 3), (2, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 0), (5, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3)\)

  3. Polygon C: \((\text-8, \text-5), (\text-8, \text-8), (\text-5, \text-8), (\text-5, \text-5), (\text-8, \text-5)\)

  4. Polygon D: \((\text-5, 1), (\text-3, \text-3), (\text-1, \text-2), (0, 3), (\text-3, 3), (\text-5, 1)\)

Blank coordinate plane, origin O, horizontal axis negative 10 to 10 by twos, vertical axis negative 8 to 8 by twos.

 

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Student Facing

Are you ready for more?

Find the area of Polygon D in this activity.

Student Response

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Activity Synthesis

The purpose of the discussion is to emphasize the connection between numbers, the coordinate plane, and geometry. To highlight these connections, ask:

  • “How is the coordinate plane related to the number line?” (The coordinate plane has two axes that are both number lines.)
  • “How are we able to make polygons in the coordinate plane?” (The vertices of a polygon are plotted as points in the coordinate plane.)

Complete the connection by explaining to students that the coordinate plane allows us to describe shapes and geometry in terms of numbers. This is how computers are able to create 2 and 3 dimensional images even though they can only interpret numbers.

Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports. Use this routine to amplify mathematical uses of language to communicate about the relationship between between numbers, the coordinate plane, and geometry. As students share the connections they notice, revoice their statements using appropriate mathematical language, such as “points in the coordinate plane” or “the two axes of the coordinate plane.”
Design Principle(s): Cultivate conversation

Lesson Synthesis

Lesson Synthesis

The activities in this lesson asked students to analyze the effect of replacing coordinates with their opposites and to find horizontal and vertical distances in the coordinate plane. Here are some questions for discussion:

  • “Without graphing, what can you say about the points \((5, \text-3)\) and \((5,3)\) on the coordinate plane?” (Sample responses: The first point is in quadrant IV and the second point is in quadrant I. They are both 3 units from the \(x\)-axis. They are reflections across the \(x\)-axis. They are 6 units apart. They are both on the same vertical line.)
  • “Without graphing, what can you say about \((\text-6,4)\) and \((6,4)\) on the coordinate plane?” (Sample responses: The first point is in quadrant II and the second point is in quadrant I. They are both 6 units from the \(y\)-axis. They are reflections across the \(y\)-axis. They are 12 units apart. They are both on the same horizontal line)
  • “Without graphing, what can you say about \((2.5,1)\) and \((6,1)\) on the coordinate plane?” (Sample responses: they are both in quadrant I. They are both on the same horizontal line because they have the same \(y\)-value. The second point is 3.5 units to the right of the first point.)

If time allows, challenge students to draw, for example, a rectangle with given side lengths, and identify its vertices. Select student responses to display for all to see.

13.5: Cool-down - Perimeter of A Polygon (5 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Cool-Down

For access, consult one of our IM Certified Partners.

Student Lesson Summary

Student Facing

The points \(A = (5, 2), \,B = (\text-5, 2), \, C = (\text-5, \text-2)\), and \(D=(5, \text-2)\) are shown in the plane. Notice that they all have almost the same coordinates, except the signs are different. They are all the same distance from each axis but are in different quadrants.

Coordinate plane, origin O. Horizontal axis and negative axis labeled by ones. Point A, (5 comma 2), B, (negative 5 comma 2), C, (negative 5 comma negative 2), D, (five comma negative 2).

Notice that the vertical distance between points \(A\) and \(D\) is 4 units, because point \(A\) is 2 units above the horizontal axis and point \(D\) is 2 units below the horizontal axis. The horizontal distance between points \(A\) and \(B\) is 10 units, because point \(B\) is 5 units to the left of the vertical axis and point \(A\) is 5 units to the right of the vertical axis.

We can always tell which quadrant a point is located in by the signs of its coordinates.

\(x\) \(y\) quadrant
positive positive I
negative positive II
negative negative III
positive negative IV
A coordinate plane, origin O. The area top & right of the origin is Quadrant 1, and counter-clockwise labeled quadrant 2, 3, 4.

In general:

  • If two points have \(x\)-coordinates that are opposites (like 5 and -5), they are the same distance away from the vertical axis, but one is to the left and the other to the right.
  • If two points have \(y\)-coordinates that are opposites (like 2 and -2), they are the same distance away from the horizontal axis, but one is above and the other below.

When two points have the same value for the first or second coordinate, we can find the distance between them by subtracting the coordinates that are different.

Coordinate plane, origin O, axes labeled by ones.

For example, we can find the perimeter of this polygon by finding the sum of its side lengths. Starting from \((\text-2, 2)\) and moving clockwise, we can see that the lengths of the segments are 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, and 6 units. The perimeter is therefore 24 units. 

In general:

  • If two points have the same \(x\)-coordinate, they will be on the same vertical line, and we can find the distance between them.
  • If two points have the same \(y\)-coordinate, they will be on the same horizontal line, and we can find the distance between them.