# Lesson 13

Solving Systems by Substitution

• Let’s use substitution to solve systems of linear equations.

### 13.1: Math Talk: Is It a Match?

Here are graphs of two equations in a system.

Determine if each of these systems could be represented by the graphs. Be prepared to explain how you know.

$$\begin{cases} x + 2y = 8 \\x = \text-5 \end{cases}$$

$$\begin{cases} y = \text-7x + 13 \\y = \text-1 \end{cases}$$

$$\begin{cases} 3x = 8\\3x + y = 15 \end{cases}$$

$$\begin{cases} y = 2x - 7\\4 + y = 12 \end{cases}$$

### 13.2: Four Systems

Here are four systems of equations you saw earlier. Solve each system. Then, check your solutions by substituting them into the original equations to see if the equations are true.

A$$\begin{cases} x + 2y = 8 \\x = \text-5 \end{cases}$$

B$$\begin{cases} y = \text-7x + 13 \\y = \text-1 \end{cases}$$

C$$\begin{cases} 3x = 8\\3x + y = 15 \end{cases}$$

D$$\begin{cases} y = 2x - 7\\4 + y = 12 \end{cases}$$

Solve each system without graphing.

$$\begin{cases} 5x – 2y = 26 \\ y + 4 = x \end{cases}$$

$$\begin{cases} 2m – 2p = \text-6\\ p = 2m + 10 \end{cases}$$

$$\begin{cases} 2d = 8f \\ 18 - 4f = 2d \end{cases}$$

$$\begin{cases} w + \frac17z = 4 \\ z = 3w –2 \end{cases}$$

Solve this system with four equations.$$\begin{cases}3 x + 2y - z + 5w= 20 \\ y = 2z-3w\\ z=w+1 \\ 2w=8 \end{cases}$$

### Summary

The solution to a system can usually be found by graphing, but graphing may not always be the most precise or the most efficient way to solve a system.

Here is a system of equations:

$$\begin {cases} 3p + q = 71\\2p - q = 30 \end {cases}$$

The graphs of the equations show an intersection at approximately 20 for $$p$$ and approximately 10 for $$q$$.

Without technology, however, it is not easy to tell what the exact values are.

Instead of solving by graphing, we can solve the system algebraically. Here is one way.

If we subtract $$3p$$ from each side of the first equation, $$3p + q = 71$$, we get an equivalent equation: $$q= 71 - 3p$$. Rewriting the original equation this way allows us to isolate the variable $$q$$

Because $$q$$ is equal to $$71-3p$$, we can substitute the expression $$71-3p$$ in the place of $$q$$ in the second equation. Doing this gives us an equation with only one variable, $$p$$, and makes it possible to find $$p$$.

\begin {align} 2p - q &= 30 &\quad& \text {original equation} \\ 2p - (71 - 3p) &=30 &\quad& \text {substitute }71-3p \text{ for }q\\ 2p - 71 + 3p &=30 &\quad& \text {apply distributive property}\\ 5p - 71 &= 30 &\quad& \text {combine like terms}\\ 5p &= 101 &\quad& \text {add 71 to both sides}\\ p &= \dfrac{101}{5} &\quad& \text {divide both sides by 5} \\ p&=20.2 \end {align}

Now that we know the value of $$p$$, we can find the value of $$q$$ by substituting 20.2 for $$p$$ in either of the original equations and solving the equation.

\begin {align} 3(20.2) + q &=71\\60.6 + q &= 71\\ q &= 71 - 60.6\\ q &=10.4 \end{align}​​​​​​

\begin {align} 2(20.2) - q &= 30\\ 40.4 - q &=30\\ \text-q &= 30 - 40.4\\ \text-q &= \text-10.4 \\ q &= \dfrac {\text-10.4}{\text-1} \\ q &=10.4 \end {align}​​​​​​

The solution to the system is the pair $$p=20.2$$ and $$q=10.4$$, or the point $$(20.2, 10.4)$$ on the graph.

This method of solving a system of equations is called solving by substitution, because we substituted an expression for $$q$$ into the second equation.

### Glossary Entries

• solution to a system of equations

A coordinate pair that makes both equations in the system true.

On the graph shown of the equations in a system, the solution is the point where the graphs intersect.

• substitution

Substitution is replacing a variable with an expression it is equal to.

• system of equations

Two or more equations that represent the constraints in the same situation form a system of equations.